Explore Shakespeares presentation Essay Example for Free

Explore Shakespeares presentation Essay When exploring the parental relationships in Hamlet, the focus will inevitability lead back to the character of Hamlet. His connection, in one way or another, to the other characters allows one to observe Hamlets behaviour and motives. The relationships between Polonius and his children, Leartes and Ophelia, are recognized, but Hamlets filial relationships carry more weight in terms of importance. The character of Hamlet is a key figure who plays a central role amongst the three parental relationships he is a part of. These relationships give rise to issues of obedience and parental responsibilities. Denmark being a Christian country, expects its countrymen to follow the guidelines of the religion. One of the Ten Commandments states that one must honour thy mother and father. Hamlet becomes increasingly rude towards his mother because of her recent marriage to his uncle Claudius, and openly states that she is her husbands brothers wife (14;4;3). According to the laws at the time, as stated in The Book of Common Prayer, to marry ones brother in law was forbidden. The audience echo Hamlets moral outrage but he comes to passionately loathe his mother, disgusted at her incestuous desires. Hamlets disgust erupts at the fact that his mother re-married but two months after his fathers death. As a loyal and loving son to his father, Hamlet is devastatingly crushed that his mother could so quickly and easily replace the man in both their lives he loves and respects with an undying awe. This leads Hamlet to regard his mother as a pernicious woman showing that he believes her to be joyful of her husbands death. His language amplifies a sense of assonance, sounding the hiss of a snake. A snake is considered to be a dangerous, life-threatening creature associated with agility and evil. The cold blooded reptile might be an image Hamlet associates with his mother, who he feels swiftly and cunningly conspired to murder his beloved father with a malevolent nature, rendering her incapable of any kind of remorse. Hamlet arrives to a point of such hatred that he cannot bear even to have any relation to his mother. For him would it were not so, you are my mother (15;4;3) showing that he destroys the filial bond of mother and son. The monosyllabic words of his language here, give his speech pace, which could suggest Hamlets thoughts to be controlled by overwhelming emotion, making them irrational. However, the pause in mid-sentence reduces this pace and give his speech confidence, showing that he clearly has no value for his mother. The audience soon fail to continue to sympathise with Hamlet, as his continual lack of respect builds up to a point at which Gertrude fears for her life at the hands of her own son and terrified, questions whether Thou wilt not murder me? (20;4;3). By now Hamlets behaviour has become intensely violent, so violent that Gertrude chooses to use the word murder instead of kill. This suggests Hamlet has a clod blooded and sadistic nature, undoubtedly dishonouring his mother and failing to obey the duties of his religion. This sin projects Hamlets character into committing further sins. He pities and sympathises with the o poor ghost of his father. His language reflects a deep and profound sorrow for which he must hold his heart, causing his feelings to be repressed. As a result Hamlet believes that he was born to set it right suggesting his eagerness for revenge. It shows that Hamlet believes it is his filial duty, which he intends to complete with utmost loyalty. Hamlet idolises his father finding no wrong whatsoever in him despite Denmark having died with all my imperfections on my head. The ghost is a representation of Denmarks uncompleted life in the sense that he died without confessing his sins. This suggests that the ghost is suffering a great deal of pain and stress, which Hamlet indubitably suffers from too. The fact that his father died this way generates more sympathy from Hamlet and therefore adds to his craving for retribution. His sinful vengeance accumulates allowing his violence to be expelled through the murdering of Polonius, yet another sin. One parental duty is to watch over your child, protecting them from harm. Voyeuristically, Polonius watches Hamlet, in an effort to be whiteness to any inappropriate behaviour, so that he can protect his daughter from Hamlet. However, Hamlet sights a rat who he kills without any consideration. Hamlet displays an immense amount of disrespect to Polonius, who is a potential father in law to him. He relates a possible father figure to an animal, drastically decreasing his status, furthermore, paralleling him to an animal detested by many because of its vermin infected reputation. Perhaps Polonius could be infected with the disease of evil, due to the aiding of Claudius conniving scheme to remove Hamlet from the country. With that in mind, as a justification for murdering Polonius, Hamlet refers to himself as a scourge and minister (177;3;4) implying that he has carried out the Lords work. Now Hamlet believes his father to be God like suggesting he believes himself to be the son of God, giving himself a religious pedestal upon which his actions can be justified. The impact of the atrocity committed is exceeded only by the colossal immorality of Hamlets character, resultant of his unethical relation to the holiest religious figure, revealing a disturbing amount of arrogance on his part. His rash behaviour means that his consideration for whom the rat may be comes after he has killed him. It is only then that he questions, is it the King? . The fact that he does not ask exactly who it is, combined with the fact that it is Claudius who he asks of first, strongly shows his avid yearning for his uncles death. This then allows the audience to see Hamlets unshaken dedication to his father. Polonius covert presence gives a tangible sensation of claustrophobia. This reflects the suffocation Hamlet suffers from due to the many combined parental figures that exist in his past and present. Shakespeare would stage the play with the use of many soldiers to intensify the claustrophobia. Despite its added cost, it helped to create a sense of unease amongst the audience who then could relate to the way Hamlet felt trapped for I must hold my tongue. The audience observe the way his feelings have become ineffable. This does break Hamlets heart causing him an immense amount of anguish, which is added to by his mounting frustration from his inaction towards his much greatly repulsed uncle. Hamlet is irate with himself for crying so many tears of mourning without any action, contrasted with The Player who would drown the stage with tears in his situation. This suggests Hamlet feels inadequate which angers him. He chooses to relate The Players tears to drowning, which is to be consumed. As his own feelings are ineffable and so repressed, one can assume Hamlet relates The Player to his potential display of mourning. It can be said then that his grief has come to consume him. Yet for a consuming amount of grief, Hamlet remains Like John-a-dreams increasing his fury. This suggests he regards his aspirations to be empty and without accomplishment. Although, at one stage he Draws his sword, and very nearly completes his vendetta, but decides against it, not wanting to do this same villain send to heaven, due to Claudius confessing his sins at this point. Understandably, to a certain degree, Hamlet desires the worst for Claudius. Yet to continually delay, and then finally reach a point at which he can satisfy his frustration as well as his aspiration, and then not, questions the depth of his feelings. Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis and invented the concept of the Oedipal complex. Based on the Greek mythological story of Oedipus, the complex explores the possible deep seeded sexual desires sons may have for their mother, resulting in jealousy and hatred towards their father. Despite his superficial eagerness for revenge, Hamlet remains inactive with regard to fulfilling it. This eagerness could in fact be a veil for his jealousy towards Denmark, his father. It could be said that in killing Denmark, Claudius satisfies Hamlets desires with regard to the Oedipal complex, therefore rendering Hamlet incapable of killing him, explaining his inaction. Hamlets sexual desires for his mother can also be interpreted from the immense jealousy he has for his uncle. Hamlet craves his uncles death for murdering his father and taking his crown, but surreptitiously for sleeping with his mother. Furthermore Hamlet displays a great sense of misogyny in appearing to loathe his mother. He believes she is subject to frailty implying that she is weak for giving in to her sexual desires for Claudius. The irony, however, is that Hamlets frustration is rooted in the inability he suffers from, to admit his own incestuous weakness. So much so is his frustration that the ghost of Denmark must remind him to leave her to heaven (86;5;1) and being that more than once, this indicates an intense abhorrence for his mother. With this in mind, it is therefore debateable as to who Hamlet is more enraged with Gertrude or Claudius? In a natural order, children are obedient and loving towards their parents. Hamlet however detests his mother and dishonours her while at the same time, sinfully desires her sexually. This reflects the disorder of the whole play, much of which is related to the disorder in parental relationships. Hamlet calls Claudius his Uncle Father which is sarcastic yet uncertain and leaves Hamlet confused. His sarcasm is disrespectful and dishonourable towards Claudius as he is acting as Hamlets father. Hamlet tells Claudius to find the corpse of Polonius ithother place yourself referring to hell and therefore literally tells Claudius to go to hell. In retrospect, Shakespeare does not represent one single parental relationship to be happy and without disorder. It is Hamlets poignant sorrow that gives rise to the sinful disrespect he aggressively displays towards his mother. His sorrow comes from the untimely loss of his so excellent a King father. The next best father figure, being his uncle, not only murdered his father, but also marries his mother. This deserts Hamlet, who is tragically left torn between whether to kill or thank Claudius. It could be said that Hamlets only reason to kill Claudius is for his crown and wife.

History of aspirin :: essays research papers fc

History Of Aspirin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aspirin is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world.. For centuries people throughout the world. Aspirin was discovered about 3500 years ago.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A collection of 877 medicinal recipes, The Ebers papyrus, before Christ, from the middle of the second millennium had been bought during the last century from an Egyptian street vendor by Georg Ebers, a German Egyptologist Georg. He recommended an infusion of dried myrtle leaves for rheumatic and back pain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More than a thousand years later the father of all doctors, Hippocrates of Kos, prescribed a juice extracted from the bark of the willow tree for labor pains and also for fever and pain. The active substance in this juice, which does in fact ease pain, is what we know today as salicylic acid. Being derived from the Latin word for willow, its name gives a clue as to its origin : Salix. It is now known that it is precisely salicylic acid that is contained in the myrtle leaves which the Egyptians used to treat and relieve pain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Advantages of Aspirin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aspirin helps relieve pain from headaches and arthritis, and reduces fever from infections. It also reduces inflammation due to illness or injury. The drug interferes with blood clotting, and thus it is useful in preventing heart attacks, strokes, and other disorders that involve blood clots.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Disadvantages/Hazards of Aspirin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aspirin is a relatively safe drug when taken as recommended. But it can be irritating to the stomach lining and cause some stomach bleeding. A few people, are allergic to aspirin and can become very sick if they take it. Aspirin should not be given to children with chicken pox or influenza. Reyes Syndrome is a serious condition that can be caused if used during the conditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Related Careers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - Dispensing Facilities - Retail Outlets - Institutions - Manufacturing - Pharmacy Technicians Recruiting Firms - Research and Academia - Temporary Placement Firms - Wholesalers/Distributors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Environmental Issues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EPA findings concluded that groundwater and soil at the site are contaminated with pharmaceuticals. Also, the EPA concluded that people who drink or come in contact with the water from the wells tapping the aquifer may be at risk. The company is required to complete immediate cleanup which includes installation of replacement wells, 22 groundwater monitoring wells and a fiberglass reinforced concrete pad around the tank area to prevent rainwater from seeping into the ground. In addition, vacuum extraction wells will be employed to withdraw carbon tetrachloride from the soil.

Obama’s Election and First 100 Days

The American politics proved to be dynamic and changing over the years. The changes was seen huge in a sense that voters no longer consider race and color as a basis on selecting leaders in the country. Many people across the globe are even greatly involved of the latest presidential election since changes in public opinion are evident. In the context of Obama’s election and the first one hundred days of his service as President of the country, we may analyze the American politics in terms of voting behavior, public opinion, elections and political parties. Primarily, the election of Obama as the President can be attributed to his desire to serve the country. Being a community organizer and tough politician in Chicago, he was able to develop a political clout that brought him to where he is now. He is prepared to face the challenges before he ventured into the highest executive post in the country. It is difficult to analyze the development of American politics without understanding the behavior of candidates since it is a factor that affects winning the most coveted seat in American political leadership. In the case of Obama, he persuaded some influential politicians that could endorse him into the presidency. In other words, the determination of Barack Obama to defy all things that would prevent him to win in the presidential elections helped him legally seized power from the past President. Thus, within two years up to his candidacy, he made sure that he would not be involved on nasty and huge political issues to build a name for the voters to choose during the elections. In connection, there are additional factors that led to the victory of Barack Obama in the Presidential elections. These factors include voting behavior, public opinion, election machineries and political parties. In terms of voting behavior, it is apparent that voters are more aware of their rights as well as benefits compared to the past. When Barack Obama rendered his electrifying speech at the Democratic National Convention four years ago, voters and commentators stated that Barack Obama would become the first black President of America (Liberty Lounge 1). This comment catapulted voters to watch over their new leadership prospect and decide to take side on him. The behavior of the voting public is glued on the possibility of electing a black President since Barack Obama was able to shield himself from political detractors along the way. Even young children are aware of the popularity of Barack Obama which made their parents think of the possibility of making him the next President of the country. With that, young voters showed a huge difference in the presidential elections. In fact, young voters volunteered to organize campaign activities for Obama and aided in raising funds for his political machinery. The efforts of these young people contributed so much for the election of the first black President. Many voters also gave comments that the election of Obama is revolutionary, historic, and record breaking. Gone are the days when elections for President are for white Americans only. The American voters are now willing to entrust their future to a black leader in a country wherein race and color resulted to chaos and dilemmas so many years ago. This phenomenon is historic and revolutionary because its huge impact to the voters marked the start of gaining more cooperation, freedom and liberty. On the other hand, public opinion shaped and molded the way for Barack Obama to be elected as President. The role of the news media on his success is vital since the voters could not have considered voting him if not for the massive campaign through news media and other channels of public information. In fact, modern technology magnified the candidacy of Barack Obama. It is also undeniable that Obama expertly utilized interactive social technology. Other means of electoral campaign for Obama includes employing blogs, click-to-donate tools, phone brigade, text brigade, door-to-door campaigns, and even online updates on the election (Sarmiento 1). Besides, presidential and vice-presidential debates that are televised aided voters in choosing their candidates for the elections. Above all, the television media, radio, and print media has done their job well in keeping the electorate informed on the differences of the official candidates for President in America. Hence, public opinion easily shaped the choice of the people for their leader. With respect to political parties in relation to American politics, it is worth to mention that there is a shift from Republican to Democratic. It is clear that citizens and individuals in the United States nowadays were aligned to Democratic Party principles in terms of their political orientation. In the year 2008, majority of the voters leaned to the Democratic Party (Sarmiento 1). The fact is that there were 29 states and the District of Columbia which are involved with increased Democratic Party affiliation (Liberty Lounge 1). Barack Obama is identified with the Democrats and was chosen by the majority of the citizens in the country. In American politics, the aspect of public opinion, political parties, electoral campaigns, and electoral behavior. In these past few days within the first one hundred days period of the leadership of Obama, it is apparent that these aspects of American politics are identifiable. We take a closer look on the results of the electoral behavior and public opinion after the elections. Since Obama inherited economic problems from the past President, he faced tremendous scrutiny from the public on how he would carry on despite the problems. Many activists warned the new administration to refrain from overreaching to the people. It is evident that within the first one hundred days of Obama as President, he started implementing policies in order to save the economy which was questioned by some people. He also initiated the repair of the broken healthcare system, ending two wars, fixing poverty and inequality dilemmas, and wiping the stained US reputation in the world. Although the presence of both Democratic Party and Republican Party within the American political system stimulated the political processes, there is no way to prevent Obama in implementing his ways to improve the country. As conclusion, it is evident that Obama won the elections because of his charismatic aura and ability to render electrifying speeches. This also includes the apparent willingness to inherit economic problems from the past administration and to help the people cope up with the crises. The American political system has also changed from being conservative to a more revolutionary one. Race and color is no longer a barrier in attaining political power in the country. Hence, Obama’s election and first one hundred days may be tremendously scrutinized, yet it marked the start of more revolutionary governance in consonance to the will of solving economic problems as a primary goal. Works Cited â€Å"Analysis: Organization, strategy keys to Obama victory†. 5 November 2008. Liberty Lounge. 4 May 2009 < http://www.libertylounge.net/forums/36978-post-election-analysis-why-obama-won.html.>. Sarmiento, Rene. â€Å"10 Lessons Learned from the US Presidential Elections†. 19 January 2009. ABS-CBN News. 4 May 2009 < http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/features/01/19/09/10-lessons-learned-us-presidential-elections >.

Sophists Definition and Observations

Professional teachers of rhetoric (as well as other subjects) in  ancient Greece are known as Sophists. Major figures included Gorgias, Hippias, Protagoras, and Antiphon. This term comes from the Greek, to become wise. Examples Recent scholarship (for example, Edward Schiappas The Beginnings of Rhetorical Theory in Classical Greece, 1999) has challenged conventional views that rhetoric was born with the democratization of Syracuse, developed by the Sophists in a somewhat shallow way, criticized by Plato in a somewhat impractical way, and rescued by Aristotle, whose Rhetoric found the mean between Sophistic relativism and Platonic idealism. The Sophists were, in fact, a rather disparate group of teachers, some of whom may have been opportunistic hucksters while others (such as Isocrates) were closer in spirit and method to Aristotle and other philosophers.The development of rhetoric in 5th-century B.C. certainly corresponded to the rise of the new legal system that accompanied the democratic government (that is, the several hundred men who were defined as Athenian citizens) in parts of ancient Greece. (Keep in mind that before the invention of lawyers, citizens represented themselves in the Assembly--usually in front of sizable juries.) It is believed that the Sophists generally taught by example rather than precept; that is, they prepared and delivered specimen speeches for their students to imitate.In any case, as Thomas Cole has noted, its difficult to identify anything like a common set of Sophistic rhetorical principles (The Origins of Rhetoric in Ancient Greece, 1991). We do know a couple of things for certain: (1) that in the 4th century B.C. Aristotle assembled the rhetorical handbooks that were then available into a collection called the Synagoge Techne (now, unfortunately, lost); and (2) that his Rhetoric (which is actually a set of lecture notes) is the earliest extant example of a complete theory, or art, of rhetoric. Platos Criticism of the Sophists The Sophists formed part of the intellectual culture of classical Greece during the second half of the fifth century BCE. Best known as professional educators in the Hellenic world, they were regarded in their time as polymaths, men of varied and great learning. . . . Their doctrines and practices were instrumental in shifting attention from the cosmological speculations of the pre-Socratics to anthropological investigations with a decidedly practical nature. . . . [In the Gorgias and elsewhere] Plato critiques the Sophists for privileging appearances over reality, making the weaker argument appear the stronger, preferring the pleasant over the good, favoring opinions over the truth and probability over certainty, and choosing rhetoric over philosophy. In recent times, this unflattering portrayal has been countered with a more sympathetic appraisal of the Sophists status in antiquity as well as their ideas for modernity.(John Poulakos, Sophists. Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press, 2001) The Sophists as Educators [R]hetorical education offered its students mastery of the skills of language necessary to participating in political life and succeeding in financial ventures. The Sophists education in rhetoric, then, opened a new doorway to success for many Greek citizens.(James Herrick, History and Theory of Rhetoric. Allyn Bacon, 2001) [T]he sophists were most concerned with the civic world, most specifically the functioning of the democracy, for which the participants in sophistic education were preparing themselves.(Susan Jarratt, Rereading the Sophists. Southern Illinois University Press, 1991) Isocrates, Against the Sophists When the layman . . . observes that the teachers of wisdom and dispensers of happiness are themselves in great want but exact only a small fee from their students, that they are on the watch for contradictions in words but are blind to inconsistencies in deeds, and that, furthermore, they pretend to have knowledge of the future but are incapable either of saying anything pertinent or of giving any counsel regarding the present, . . . then he has, I think, good reason to condemn such studies and regard them as stuff and nonsense, and not as a true discipline of the soul. . . . [L]et no one suppose that I claim that just living can be taught; for, in a word, I hold that there does not exist an art of the kind which can implant sobriety and justice in depraved natures. Nevertheless, I do think that the study of political discourse can help more than any other thing to stimulate and form such qualities of character.(Isocrates, Against the Sophists, c. 382 BC. Translated by George Norlin)